• New Coulomb radii for Br and I
• SMD solvation model is available in Gaussian 16 (see SCRF/Options)
• VEM model for solvatochromic shifts is available in NWChem
• Solvation model with state-specific polarizability
• Charge Model 5
• Vertical excitation model (VEM) for TD-DFT
• SM12 is now available in ADF

The following computer programs have software for running our solvation models and are distributed from the University of Minnesota (alphabetically):

• AMSOL Homepage
• AMSOLRATE Homepage
• CM5PAC Homepage
• GAMESSPLUS Homepage
• GAMESSPLUSRATE Homepage
• GESOL Homepage
• HONDOPLUS Homepage
• OMNISOL Homepage
• SMXGAUSS Homepage
• VEMGAUSS Homepage
• ZINDO-MN Homepage

The following computer programs also contain our solvation models but are not distributed from the University of Minnesota:

• AMM
  SM5.2R, SM5.2, SM5CR, and SM5C solvation models


• DGSOL
  SM5.42R solvation model


• GAMESS (Aug. 11, 2011 and later versions)
  SMD and SMVLE solvation models


• Gaussian 09 and Gaussian 16; Gaussian, Inc.
  SMD solvation model
  CM5 charge model


• Jaguar 7.0; Schrodinger, Inc.
  SM6 and SM8 solvation models


• MN-GSM Homepage
  SM5.42, SM5.43, SM6, SM8, SM8AD, and SM8T solvation models
  CM2, CM3, CM4, and CM4M charge models


• NWChem (6.4 and later versions); EMSL/PNNL
  SMD and VEM solvation models


• ORCA 4.0
  SMD solvation model


• Q-Chem (3.2 and later versions); Q-Chem, Inc.
  SM8 and SM12 solvation models
  CM4 and CM5 charge models
  SMD solvation model


• Spartan 02 (and later versions); Wavefunction, Inc.
  SM5.4A, SM5.4P, and SM8 solvation models

A tabular comparison of which solvation models are available in each of these programs is also available:

• Comparison of solvation packages

1. "Continuum Solvation Models: Classical and Quantum Mechanical Implementations," C. J. Cramer and D. G. Truhlar, in Reviews in Computational Chemistry, Vol. 6, edited by K. B. Lipkowitz and D. B. Boyd (VCH Publishers, New York, 1995), pp. 1-72. Available as PDF file


2. "Development and Biological Applications of Quantum Mechanical Continuum Solvation Models," C. J. Cramer and D. G. Truhlar, in Quantitative Treatments of Solute/Solvent Interactions , edited by P. Politzer and J. S. Murray (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994), pp. 9-54. [Theor. Comp. Chem. 2, 9-54 (1994).] Available as PDF file


3. "Structure and Reactivity in Aqueous Solutions: An Overview," C. J. Cramer and D. G. Truhlar, in Structure and Reactivity in Aqueous Solution: Characterization of Chemical and Biological Systems, edited by C. J. Cramer and D. G. Truhlar (American Chemical Society, Symposium Series 568, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 1-9. Available as PDF file


4. "Solvation Modeling in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents: New Techniques and a Re-examination of the Claisen Rearrangement," J. W. Storer, D. J. Giesen, G. D. Hawkins, G. C. Lynch, C. J. Cramer, D. G. Truhlar, and D. A. Liotard, in Structure, Energetics, and Reactivity in Aqueous Solution: Characterization of Chemical and Biological Systems, ibid., pp. 24-49. Available as PDF file


5. "Continuum Solvation Models," C. J. Cramer and D. G. Truhlar, in Solvent Effects and Chemical Reactivity, edited by O. Tapia and J. Bertrán (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996), pp. 1-80. [Understanding Chem. React. 17, 1-80 (1996).] Available as PDF file


6. "Modeling Free Energies of Solvation and Transfer," D. J. Giesen, C. C. Chambers, G. D. Hawkins, C. J. Cramer, and D. G. Truhlar, in Computational Thermochemistry, edited by K. Irikura and D. J. Frurip (American Chemical Society ,Symposium Series 677, Washington, DC), pp. 285-300 (1998). Available as PDF file


7. "Modeling the Effect of Solvation on Structure, Reactivity, and Partitioning of Organic Solutes: Utility in Drug Design," C. C. Chambers, D. J. Giesen, G. D. Hawkins, W. H. J. Vaes, C. J. Cramer, and D. G. Truhlar, in Rational Drug Design, edited by D. G. Truhlar, W. J. Howe, A. J. Hopfinger, J. M. Blaney, and R. A. Dammkoehler (Springer, New York, 1999), pp. 51-72.  [IMA Vol. Math. Its Appl. 108, 51-72 (1999).] Available as PDF file


8. "New Tools for Rational Drug Design," G. D. Hawkins, J. Li, T. Zhu, C. C. Chambers, D. J. Giesen, D. A. Liotard, C. J. Cramer, and D. G. Truhlar, in Rational Drug Design, edited by A. L. Parrill and M. R. Reddy (American Chemical Society, Symposium Series Volume 719, Washington, DC, 1999), pp. 121-140. Available as PDF file


9. "Universal Solvation Models," G. D. Hawkins, T. Zhu, J. Li, C. C. Chambers, D. J. Giesen, D. A. Liotard, C. J. Cramer, and D. G.  D. G. Truhlar, in Combined Quantum Mechanical and Molecular Mechanical Methods, edited by J. Gao and M. A. Thompson (American Chemical Society, Symposium Series Volume 712, Washington, DC, 1998), pp. 201-219. Available as PDF file


10. "Implicit Solvation Models: Equilibria, Structure, Spectra, and Dynamics," C. J. Cramer and D. G. Truhlar, Chemical Reviews 99, 2161-2200 (1999).
    • DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr960149m


11. "Solvation Thermodynamics and the Treatment of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Solvation Effects by Models Based on Collective Solvent Coordinates," C. J. Cramer and D. G. Truhlar, in Free Energy Calculations in Rational Drug Design, edited by M. R. Reddy and M. D. Erion (Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, 2001), pp. 63-95. Available as PDF file Unpublished errata


12. "Molecular-Scale Modeling of Reactions and Solvation," D. G. Truhlar, in First International conference on Foundations of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, edited by P. T. Cummings. P. R. Westmoreland, and B. Carnahan (American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Symposium Series Vol. 97, New York, 2001), pp. 71-83. Available as PDF file


13. “SMx Continuum Models for Condensed Phases,” C. J. Cramer and D. G. Truhlar, in Trends and Perspectives in Modern Computational Science, Lecture Series on Computer and Computational Sciences, Vol. 6, edited by G. Maroulis and T.E. Simos (Brill/VSP, Leiden, 2006), pp. 112-139. Available as PDF file


14. "Transition State Theory and Chemical Reaction Dynamics in Solution," D. G. Truhlar and J. R. Pliego Jr., in Continuum Solvation Models in Chemical Physics: Theory and Application, edited by B. Mennucci and R. Cammi (Wiley, Chichester, 2007), pp. 339-366. Available as PDF file


15. "A Universal Approach to Solvation Modeling," C. J. Cramer and D. G. Truhlar, Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 760-768 (2008).
    • DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar800019z


16. "Perspective on Foundations of Solvation Modeling: The Electrostatic Contribution to the Free Energy of Solvation," A. V. Marenich, C. J. Cramer, and D. G. Truhlar, Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 4, 877-887 (2008) (Perspective article).
    • DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct800029c


17. "Computational Electrochemistry: Prediction of Liquid-Phase Reduction Potentials," A. V. Marenich, J. Ho, M. L. Coote, C. J. Cramer, and D. G. Truhlar, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 16, 15068-15106 (2014) (Perspective article).
    • DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP01572J

SMx Papers: Abstracts of the publications presenting the SMx solvation models.
In addition to this bibliography, note that the manuals on AMSOL, GAMESSPLUS, HONDOPLUS, SMXGAUSS, and MN-GSM contain
bibliographies that indicate the original reference for each of the solvation models contained in each program.
Related Papers: Abstracts of related papers from Minnesota (MIDI! and Class IV charges).
SMx applications: Selected published applications using SMx models, including work from other groups.
Errata: Errata for papers.

Presents a collection of 2923 experimental solvation free energies for 731 unique solutes in 91 solvents and gas-phase molecular geometries in Cartesian coordinates for the corresponding solutes.

Version 2012 (with a correction on 5/22/2021)

A useful database of solvent descriptors for use with our solvation models is now available in PDF format.

• PDF format (463 Kb)

Homepage of Christopher J. Cramer
Homepage of Donald G. Truhlar
Minnesota Computational Chemistry Homepage
University of Minnesota Chemistry Department's Homepage