Minnesota-Chicago OpenMolcas Homepage

1. OpenMolcas General Information

1.1. OpenMolcas Website

    OpenMolcas is a quantum chemistry package available at
    https://gitlab.com/Molcas/OpenMolcas

    The OpenMolcas online manual is available at
     Website: https://molcas.gitlab.io/OpenMolcas/sphinx
     PDF:       https://molcas.gitlab.io/OpenMolcas/Manual.pdf

1.2. Reference

    The citation for OpenMolcas is the following:

    Normal Name Order

"OpenMolcas: From Source Code to Insight," I. Fdez. Galván, M. Vacher, A. Alavi, C. Angeli, F. Aquilante, J. Autschbach, J. J. Bao, S. I. Bokarev, N. A. Bogdanov, R. K. Carlson, L. F. Chibotaru, J. Creutzberg, N. Dattani, M. G. Delcey, S. S. Dong, A. Dreuw, L. Freitag, L. M. Frutos, L. Gagliardi, F. Gendron, A. Giussani, L. González, G. Grell, M. Guo, C. E. Hoyer, M. Johansson, S. Keller, S. Knecht, G. Kovačević, E. Källman, G. Li Manni, M. Lundberg, Y. Ma, S. Mai, J. P. Malhado, P. Å. Malmqvist, P. Marquetand, S. A. Mewes, J. Norell, M. Olivucci, M. Oppel, Q. M. Phung, K. Pierloot, F. Plasser, M. Reiher, A. M. Sand, I. Schapiro, P. Sharma, C. J. Stein, L. K. Sørensen, D. G. Truhlar, M. Ugandi, L. Ungur, A. Valentini, S. Vancoillie, V. Veryazov, O. Weser, T. A. Wesołowski, P. Widmark, S. Wouters, A. Zech, J. P. Zobel, and R. Lindh, Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 15, 5925-5964 (2019). doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00532

"The OpenMolcas Web: A Community-Driven Approach to Advancing Computational Chemistry," G. Li Manni, I. Fdez. Galván, A. Alavi, F. Aleotti, F. Aquilante, J. Autschbach, D. Avagliano, A. Baiardi, J. J. Bao, S. Battaglia, L. Birnoschi, A. Blanco-González, S. I. Bokarev, R. Broer, R. Cacciari, P. B. Calio, R. K. Carlson, R. Carvalho Couto, L. Cerdán, L. F. Chibotaru, N. F. Chilton, J. R. Church, I. Conti, S. Coriani, J. Cuéllar-Zuquin, R. E. Daoud, N. Dattani, P. Decleva, C. de Graaf, M. G. Delcey, L. De Vico, W. Dobrautz, S. S. Dong, R. Feng, N. Ferré, M. Filatov, L. Gagliardi, M. Garavelli, L. González, Y. Guan, M. Guo, M. R. Hennefarth, M. R. Hermes, C. E. Hoyer, M. Huix-Rotllant, V. K. Jaiswal, A. Kaiser, D. S. Kaliakin, M. Khamesian, D. S. King, V. Kochetov, M. Krośnicki, A. A. Kumaar, E. D. Larsson, S. Lehtola, M. Lepetit, H. Lischka, P. López Ríos, M. Lundberg, D. Ma, S. Mai, P. Marquetand, I. C. D. Merritt, F. Montorsi, M. Mörchen, A. Nenov, V. H. A. Nguyen, Y. Nishimoto, M. S. Oakley, M. Olivucci, M. Oppel, D. Padula, R. Pandharkar, Q. M. Phung, F. Plasser, G. Raggi, E. Rebolini, M. Reiher, I. Rivalta, D. Roca-Sanjuán, T. Romig, A. A. Safari, A. Sãnchez-Mansilla, A. M. Sand, I. Schapiro, T. R. Scott, J. Segarra-Martí, F. Segatta, D. Sergentu, P. Sharma, R. Shepard, Y. Shu, J. K. Staab, T. P. Straatsma, L. K. Sørensen, B. N. C. Tenorio, D. G. Truhlar, L. Ungur, M. Vacher, V. Veryazov, T. A. Voβ, O. Weser, D. Wu, X. Yang, D. Yarkony, C. Zhou, J. P. Zobel, and R. Lindh, Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Articles ASAP (2023). doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00182

    Last Name First

"OpenMolcas: From Source Code to Insight," Fdez. Galván, I.; Vacher, M.; Alavi, A.; Angeli, C.; Aquilante, F.; Autschbach, J.; Bao, J. J.; Bokarev, S. I.; Bogdanov, N. A.; Carlson, R. K.; Chibotaru, L. F.; Creutzberg, J.; Dattani, N.; Delcey, M. G.; Dong, S. S.; Dreuw, A.; Freitag, L.; Frutos, L. M.; Gagliardi, L.; Gendron, F.; Giussani, A.; González, L.; Grell, G.; Guo, M.; Hoyer, C. E.; Johansson, M.; Keller, S.; Knecht, S.; Kovačević, G.; Källman, E.; Li Manni, G.; Lundberg, M.; Ma, Y.; Mai, S.; Malhado, J. P.; Malmqvist, P. Å.; Marquetand, P.; Mewes, S. A.; Norell, J.; Olivucci, M.; Oppel, M.; Phung, Q. M.; Pierloot, K.; Plasser, F.; Reiher, M.; Sand, A. M.; Schapiro, I.; Sharma, P.; Stein, C. J.; Sørensen, L. K.; Truhlar, D. G.; Ugandi, M.; Ungur, L.; Valentini, A.; Vancoillie, S.; Veryazov, V.; Weser, O.; Wesołowski, T. A.; Widmark, P.; Wouters, S.; Zech, A.; Zobel, J. P.; and Lindh, R.; Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 15, 5925-5964 (2019). doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00532

"The OpenMolcas Web: A Community-Driven Approach to Advancing Computational Chemistry," Li Manni, G.; Fdez. Galván, I.; Alavi, A.; Aleotti, F.; Aquilante, F.; Autschbach, J.; Avagliano, D.; Baiardi, A.; Bao, J. J.; Battaglia, S.; Birnoschi, L.; Blanco-González, A.; Bokarev, S. I.; Broer, R.; Cacciari, R.; Calio, P. B.; Carlson, R. K.; Carvalho Couto, R.; Cerdán, L.; Chibotaru, L. F.; Chilton, N. F.; Church, J. R.; Conti, I.; Coriani, S.; Cuéllar-Zuquin, J.; Daoud, R. E.; Dattani, N.; Decleva, P.; de Graaf, C.; Delcey, M. G.; De Vico, L.; Dobrautz, W.; Dong, S. S.; Feng, R.; Ferré, N.; Filatov, M.; Gagliardi, L.; Garavelli, M.; González, L.; Guan, Y.; Guo, M.; Hennefarth, M. R.; Hermes, M. R.; Hoyer, C. E.; Huix-Rotllant, M.; Jaiswal, V. K.; Kaiser, A.; Kaliakin, D. S.; Khamesian, M.; King, D. S.; Kochetov, V.; Krośnicki, M.; Kumaar, A. A.; Larsson, E. D.; Lehtola, S.; Lepetit, M.; Lischka, H.; López Ríos, P.; Lundberg, M.; Ma, D.; Mai, S.; Marquetand, P.; Merritt, I. C. D.; Montorsi, F.; Mörchen, M.; Nenov, A.; Nguyen, V. H. A.; Nishimoto, Y.; Oakley, M. S.; Olivucci, M.; Oppel, M.; Padula, D.; Pandharkar, R.; Phung, Q. M.; Plasser, F.; Raggi, G.; Rebolini, E.; Reiher, M.; Rivalta, I.; Roca-Sanjuán, D.; Romig, T.; Safari, A. A.; Sãnchez-Mansilla, A.; Sand, A. M.; Schapiro, I.; Scott, T. R.; Segarra-Martí, J.; Segatta, F.; Sergentu, D.; Sharma, P.; Shepard, R.; Shu, Y.; Staab, J. K.; Straatsma, T. P.; Sørensen, L. K.; Tenorio, B. N. C.; Truhlar, D. G.; Ungur, L.; Vacher, M.; Veryazov, V.; Voβ, T. A.; Weser, O.; Wu, D.; Yang, X.; Yarkony, D.; Zhou, C.; Zobel, J. P.; and Lindh, R. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Articles ASAP (2023). doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00182

1.3. libxc Capability

    The OpenMolcas master branch was updated on January 26, 2022 with respect to some syntax changes associated with MC-PDFT calculations. This was done in order to enable the use of translation or full translation of any LSDA or GGA that is in libxc. As of this update, such MC-PDFT calculations will prefix the KS-DFT functionals with T: or FT: (for example, the previous syntax TPBE becomes T:PBE). It is no longer necessary hard code translations or full translations of LSDA or GA functionals if they are in libxc.

2. OpenMolcas Enhancements at Minnesota and Chicago

    OpenMolcas has all or most of the capabilites described in that article plus several new ones contributed by many workers at many institutions. At Minnesota we have made several enhancements beyond what is in version 8.2.
    We list the Minnesota enhancements of OpenMolcas that are fully available from the Gitlab site.

2.1. Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory (MC-PDFT)

2.1.1. Introduction to Theory

    Multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) is a post-MCSCF method that evaluates the energy of a state with on-top pair-density function theory.
    Readers may refer to the two following references for the details of the theory.

"Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory," G. Li Manni, R. K. Carlson, S. Luo, D. Ma, J. Olsen, D. G. Truhlar, and L. Gagliardi, Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 10, 3669-3680 (2014). doi.org/10.1021/ct500483t
"Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory: A New Way to Treat Strongly Correlated Systems," L. Gagliardi, D. G. Truhlar, G. Li Manni, R. K. Carlson, C. E. Hoyer, and J. L. Bao, Accounts of Chemical Research 50, 66-73 (2017). doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00471

    In addition, we provide a description of MC-PDFT capabilities in OpenMolcas (as of 2018 November 9) and some input examples.

2.1.2. MC-PDFT Reference Wave Functions

    The reference wave function for a MC-PDFT calculation can be a state-averaged or state-specific CASSCF, RASSCF, GASSCF, DMRG, CASCI, RASCI, GASCI, or DMRG wave function.

    MC-PDFT can be used in conjunction with the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method. For DMRGSCF-PDFT or DMRG-PDFT calculations, an interface between OpenMolcas and QCMaquis (https://gitlab.com/qc-maquis/) is used. A DMRGSCF-PDFT sample input file for N₂ molecule with symmetry is shown here. Examples of DMRG-PDFT calculations are given in the following references:

"Density Matrix Renormalization Group Pair-Density Functional Theory (DMRG-PDFT): Singlet-Triplet Gaps in Polyacenes and Polyacetylenes," P. Sharma, V. Bernales, S. Knecht, D. G. Truhlar, and L. Gagliardi, Chemical Science 10, 1716-1723 (2019). doi.org/10.1039/C8SC03569E

"Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory for Iron Porphyrin with CAS, RAS, and DMRG Active Spaces," C. Zhou, L. Gagliardi, and D. G. Truhlar, Journal of Physical Chemistry A 123, 3389-3394 (2019). doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12479

"Magnetic Coupling in a Tris-hydroxo-Bridged Chromium Dimer Occurs Through Ligand Mediated Superexchange in Conjunction with Through- Space Coupling," P. Sharma, D. G. Truhlar, and L. Gagliardi, Journal of the American Chemical Society 142, 16644-16650 (2020). doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c06399

    A zip file containing sample input files and orbitals for the calculations in the third reference is available here.

2.1.3. MC-PDFT On-Top Functionals

    Current on-top functionals include translated or fully translated LSDA, GGA, and meta GGA functionals. For example: tLSDA, ftLSDA, tPBE, ftPBE, trevPBE, ftrevPBE, tBLYP, ftBLYP, tOPBE, ftOPBE, tM06-L, and MC23 (a parameterized version of hybrid tM06-L, see section 2.8 for more information).

     Note that the translation of hybrid KS functionals is not defined. For example, tB3LYP (invoked by KSDFT=T:B3LYP) should not be used. However, MC-PDFT energies can be hybridized with the reference MCSCF energy, and the corresponding method is called hybrid MC-PDFT (HMC-PDFT). See the following section for details of HMC-PDFT.

2.1.4. Hybrid MC-PDFT

     In hybrid MC-PDFT (HMC-PDFT), the total energy (E_HMC-PDFT) is a linear combination of the MC-PDFT energy (E_MC-PDFT) and the MCSCF energy (E_MCSCF):

E_HMC-PDFT = (1 - λ)E_MC-PDFT + λE_MCSCF

     The keyword for running hybrid MC-PDFT calculations is LAMBda. For example, the total energy of tPBE0 is 25% of the MCSCF energy plus 75% of the tPBE energy, and the keywords in the &MCPDFT module are as follows:

&MCPDFT
KSDFT = T:PBE
LAMB = 0.25

    Note that tPBE0 is a hybrid MC-PDFT method, and should not be confused with MC-PDFT with the translated PBE0 functional as the on-top functional.

2.1.5. A Special Note

    In older versions of OpenMolcas, it was necessary to use the the keyword 'NoGr' (No Gradient) to avoid additional cost to compute gradients if gradients are not needed. This is no longer required.

2.2. Multistate Pair-Density Functional Theory

    When several electronic states are closely coupled, due to near degeneracy or close to a conical intersection, the states should be treated by a model-space diagonalization, as in multi-configuration quasidegenerate perturbation theory or XMS-CASPT2. The multistate pair-density functional theory (MS-PDFT) is a category of methods that produce the right topology of potential energy surfaces. (SI-PDFT done by Andrew M. Sand, XMS-PDFT and CMS-PDFT done by Jie J. Bao)

2.2.1 State-Interaction Pair-Density Functional Theory (SI-PDFT)

    The SI-PDFT is the first MS-PDFT method developed. This method is described in the following reference:

"State-Interaction Pair-Density Functional Theory," A. M. Sand, C. E. Hoyer, D. G. Truhlar, and L. Gagliardi, The Journal of Chemical Physics 149, 024106 (2018). doi.org/10.1063/1.5036727

2.2.2 Extended Multistate Pair-Density Functional Theory (XMS-PDFT)

    The XMS-PDFT method is the most efficient MS-PDFT method. This method is described in the reference below. The manual of the XMS-PDFT method can be found here. Note that there are certain cases where XMS-PDFT can fail. See Section S3 of the supplementary file for the following reference.

"Multi-state pair-density functional theory," J. J. Bao, C. Zhou, Z. Varga, S. Kanchanakungwankul, L. Gagliardi, D. G. Truhlar, Faraday Discussions 224, 348-372 (2020). doi.org/10.1039/D0FD00037J

2.2.3 Compressed Multistate Pair-Density Functional Theory (CMS-PDFT)

    The CMS-PDFT method is the most robust MS-PDFT method and is the recommended one to use. This method is described in the reference below. The manual of the CMS-PDFT method can be found here.

    CMS-PDFT is the only multistate pair-density functional method for which analytic gradients are available at this time.

"Compressed-state multistate pair-density functional theory," J. J. Bao, C. Zhou, D. G. Truhlar, The Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 16, 7444-7452 (2020). doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00908

"Analytic Gradients for Compressed-State Multistate Pair-Density Functional Theory," J. J. Bao, M. R. Hermes, T. R. Scott, A. M. Sand, R. Lindh, L. Gagliardi, and D. G. Truhlar, Molecular Physics 120, e2110534/10 (2022). doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2022.2110534

2.3. Analytic Gradients

2.3.1. Fast analytic gradients of MC-PDFT and CMS-PDFT in OpenMolcas

    Fast analytic gradients for MC-PDFT (Section 2.3.2), SA-PDFT (Section 2.3.2), and CMS-PDFT (Section 2.3.3) are all available in the OpenMolcas repository as of January 1st, 2022, in commit SHAR1=b99d61a3, or later. (See this page for the history of SHAR1 numbers.)

    More details about the acceleration can be found in this pdf document.

2.3.2. MC-PDFT Analytic Gradient

    The gradient of MC-PDFT obtained from a single-state (SS) reference wave function is different from that obtained from a state in a state-averaged (SA) calculation. (SS-PDFT gradient by Andrew M. Sand, SA-PDFT gradient and the density fitting by Thais R. Scott)

    State-specific CASSCF-PDFT analytic gradients as described in:

"Analytic Gradients for Complete Active Space Pair-Density Functional Theory," A. M. Sand, C. E. Hoyer, K. Sharkas, K. M. Kidder, R. Lindh, D. G. Truhlar, and L. Gagliardi, Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 14, 126-138 (2018). doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00967

    State-averaged CASSCF-PDFT analytic gradients as described in:

"Analytic Gradients for State-Averaged Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory," T. R. Scott, M. R. Hermes, A. M. Sand, M. S. Oakley, D. G. Truhlar and L. Gagliardi, The Journal of Chemical Physics 153, 014106 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0007040

     You may find a sample input for optimizing the geometry of ethylene using MC-PDFT.

    MC-PDFT analytic gradients can also be calculated with density fitting. The details are described in the following paper:

"Analytic Gradients for Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory with Density Fitting: Development and Application to Geometry Optimization in the Ground and Excited States," T. R. Scott, M. S. Oakley, M. R. Hermes, A. M. Sand, R. Lindh, D. G. Truhlar and L. Gagliardi,The Journal of Chemical Physics 154, 074108 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0039258

2.3.3. CMS-PDFT Analytic Gradient

    The CMS-PDFT analytic gradient starting with an SA-CASSCF calculations is now available in OpenMolcas. A CMS-PDFT analytic gradient calculation does not require additional keywords and will be triggered when one uses the keywords for CMS-PDFT calculation together with the keyword for MC-PDFT gradient calculation. The CMS-PDFT analytic gradient option cannot be used with density fitting.

    You may find a sample input and the key information of the corresponding output for the gradient calculation with CMS-PDFT for LiF.

    The details of the CMS-PDFT analytic gradient can be found in the following paper:

"Analytical Gradient for Compressed-State Multistate Pair-Density Functional Theory" J. J. Bao, M. R. Hermes, T. R. Scott, A. M. Sand, R. Lindh, L. Gagliardi and D. G. Truhlar, Wolniewicz Special Issue of Molecular Physics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2022.2110534

2.4. Natural Transition Orbitals (NTO) in &RASSI

    The user can run a natural transition orbital calculation in the &RASSI module in OpenMolcas. (by Jie J. Bao)
    For methodology, usage, keywords and examples, one may refer to the manual for the NTO calculation in the &RASSI module.

2.5. Scaling Exchange and Correlation in Density Functionals

A New Local Density Functional for Main-Group Thermochemistry, Transition Metal Bonding, Thermochemical Kinetics, and Noncovalent Interactions

A Hybrid Meta On-Top Functional for Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory

A sample input file of of the F₂ molecule at the equilibrium bond distance (1.41193 Å) can be found here.

3. Minnesota-Chicago contributors to OpenMolcas Development

    J. J. Bao, P. Calio, S. S. Dong, C. E. Hoyer, A. Sand, T. Scott, K. Sharkas, P. Sharma, C. Zhou, D. Zhang, L. Gagliardi, and D. G. Truhlar.

4. Links to Other Pages of Interest:

Gagliardi Group Homepage
Truhlar Group Homepage
Gagliardi Group Software page
Truhlar Group Software page
Chemical Theory Center at the University of Minnesota
Department of Chemistry at the University of Minnesota